Ngamafuphi, ithuluzi lomshini liyithuluzi lomshini lokuqondisa indlela yamathuluzi - hhayi ngokuqondiswa okuqondile, okwenziwa ngesandla, njengamathuluzi okwenziwa ngesandla kanye nawo wonke amathuluzi abantu, kuze kube yilapho abantu besungula ithuluzi lomshini.
Ukulawulwa kwezinombolo (NC) kubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni komqondo ohlelekayo (idatha esesimweni sezinhlamvu, izinombolo, izimpawu, amagama noma izinhlanganisela) ukuze ulawule ngokuzenzakalelayo amathuluzi okwenza imishini. Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele, amathuluzi okucubungula ayehlala elawulwa opharetha bezandla.
Ukulawulwa kwezinombolo zekhompyutha (CNC) kubhekisela ekuthumeleni imiyalelo efakwe ikhodi ngokunembile ku-microprocessor ohlelweni lokulawula ithuluzi lomshini, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba nokuvumelana. I-CNC abantu abakhuluma ngayo namuhla cishe yonke ibhekisela emishinini yokugaya exhunywe kumakhompyutha. Ngobuchwepheshe, ingasetshenziswa ukuchaza noma yimuphi umshini olawulwa yikhompuyutha.
Ekhulwini elidlule, izinto eziningi ezisunguliwe ziye zabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC. Lapha, sibheka izici ezine eziyisisekelo zokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokulawula izinombolo: amathuluzi omshini wangaphambi kwesikhathi, amakhadi e-punch, izindlela ze-servo kanye nolimi lokuhlela lwamathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo (APT).
Amathuluzi emishini yokuqala
Ngesikhathi soguquko lwesibili lwezimboni eBrithani, uJames Watt wanconywa ngokudala injini ye-steam eyanika amandla uguquko lwezimboni, kodwa wahlangabezana nobunzima ekukhiqizeni ukunemba kwamasilinda enjini ye-steam kwaze kwaba ngu-1775, uJohn Johnwilkinson wadala lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ithuluzi lomshini lokuqala emhlabeni. amasilinda enjini yesitimu ayisicefe futhi yaxazululeka. Lo mshini oyisicefe futhi uklanywe ngu-Wilkinson ngokusekelwe kunganono yakhe yasekuqaleni;
Punch ikhadi
Ngo-1725, u-Basile bouchon, isisebenzi sendwangu saseFrance, wasungula indlela yokulawula izinsimbi ngokusebenzisa idatha eqoshiwe emakhasethini ephepha ngochungechunge lwezimbobo. Nakuba iphansi, ukungasebenzi kwale ndlela nakho kusobala, okungukuthi, kusadinga ama-opharetha. Ngo-1805, uJoseph Marie jacquard wamukela lo mqondo, kodwa waqiniswa futhi wenziwa lula ngokusebenzisa amakhadi ashaywayo anamandla ahlelwe ngokulandelana, ngaleyo ndlela enze inqubo ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lawa makhadi apuntshiwe abhekwa kabanzi njengesisekelo sekhompiyutha yesimanje futhi aphawula ukuphela kwemboni yezandla zasekhaya ekulukeni.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izindwangu ze-jacquard zazivinjelwa abeluki bakasilika ngaleso sikhathi, ababekhathazeke ngokuthi le mishini eshintshashintshayo izobaphuca imisebenzi nendlela yokuziphilisa. Bashisa ngokuphindaphindiwe izinsimbi zokuluka ezenziwe ngokukhiqiza; Kodwa-ke, ukumelana kwabo kwaba yize, ngoba imboni yabona izinzuzo zokuluka okuzenzakalelayo. Ngo-1812, izinsimbi ze-jacquard eziyi-11000 zase zisetshenziswa eFrance.
Amakhadi ashaywayo athuthukiswa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1800s futhi athola ukusetshenziswa okuningi, kusukela kuthelegrafu kuya kupiyano oluzenzakalelayo. Nakuba ukulawulwa komshini kwanqunywa amakhadi okuqala, umsunguli waseMelika u-Herman Hollerith udale i-tabulator yekhadi le-punch ye-electromechanical, eyashintsha imithetho yomdlalo. Uhlelo lwakhe lwalunelungelo lobunikazi ngo-1889, lapho esebenzela i-US Census Bureau.
U-Herman Hollerith wasungula inkampani ye-tabulator ngo-1896 futhi wahlanganiswa nezinye izinkampani ezine ukuze kusungulwe i-IBM ngo-1924. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, amakhadi ashaywayo aqala ukusetshenziselwa ukufaka idatha nokugcinwa kwamakhompyutha kanye nemishini yokulawula izinombolo. Ifomethi yoqobo inemigqa emihlanu yezimbobo, kuyilapho izinguqulo ezilandelayo zinemigqa eyisithupha, eyisikhombisa, eyisishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu.
Indlela ye-Servo
Indlela ye-Servo iyidivayisi ezenzakalelayo, esebenzisa impendulo enephutha ukulungisa ukusebenza komshini noma umshini. Kwezinye izimo, i-servo ivumela amadivayisi anamandla aphezulu ukuthi alawulwe ngamadivayisi anamandla aphansi kakhulu. Umshini we-servo wakhiwe idivayisi elawulwayo, enye idivayisi enikeza imiyalo, ithuluzi lokuthola iphutha, i-amplifier yesignali yephutha kanye nedivayisi (i-servo motor) elungisa amaphutha. Amasistimu e-Servo avame ukusetshenziselwa ukulawula okuguquguqukayo okufana nendawo nesivinini, futhi avame kakhulu ngogesi, umoya womoya noma i-hydraulic.
Indlela yokuqala ye-servo kagesi yasungulwa yikhalenda ye-H. eBrithani ngo-1896. Ngo-1940, i-MIT yakha ilabhorethri ye-servo mechanism ekhethekile, eyasuka ekunakekeni okwandayo koMnyango wobunjiniyela kagesi kuya kulesi sihloko. Emishinini ye-CNC, uhlelo lwe-servo lubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuzuzwe ukunemba kokubekezelelana okudingekayo ngenqubo yokwenza imishini ezenzakalelayo.
Ithuluzi lokuhlela elizenzakalelayo (APT)
Ithuluzi lokuhlela elizenzakalelayo (APT) lazalwa ku-servo mechanism Laboratory yaseMassachusetts Institute of technology ngo-1956. Kuyimpumelelo yokudala yeqembu lezicelo zekhompyutha. Iwulimi lokuhlela olusezingeni eliphezulu olusebenziseka kalula, olusetshenziswa ngokukhethekile ukukhiqiza imiyalelo yamathuluzi omshini we-CNC. Inguqulo yasekuqaleni yayingaphambi kwe-FORTRAN, kodwa izinguqulo zakamuva zabhalwa kabusha nge-Fortran.
I-Apt ulimi oludalelwe ukusebenza nomshini wokuqala we-MIT we-NC, okuwumshini wokuqala we-NC emhlabeni. Yabe iqhubeka nokuba indinganiso yokuhlelwa kwethuluzi lomshini olawulwa ngekhompiyutha, futhi yasetshenziswa kabanzi ngawo-1970. Kamuva, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-apt kwaxhaswa umbutho wezomoya futhi ekugcineni kwavulelwa umkhakha wezakhamuzi.
U-Douglas T. Ross, inhloko yeqembu lezicelo zekhompyutha, waziwa njengoyise we-apt. Kamuva waqamba igama elithi “computer aided design” (CAD).
Ukuzalwa kokulawula izinombolo
Ngaphambi kokuvela kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC, okokuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC kanye namathuluzi omshini we-CNC wokuqala. Nakuba kunomehluko othile ezincazelweni ezihlukene zemininingwane yomlando, ithuluzi lokuqala lomshini we-CNC alikona nje kuphela ukusabela ezinseleleni ezithile zokukhiqiza amasosha abhekana nazo, kodwa futhi liwukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kwesistimu ye-punch card.
"Ukulawulwa kwedijithali kuphawula ukuqala koguquko lwesibili lwezimboni kanye nokufika kwenkathi yesayensi lapho ukulawulwa kwemishini nezinqubo zezimboni kuzoshintsha kusuka emibhalweni engacacile kuye kwenembile." - Inhlangano yonjiniyela bokukhiqiza.
Umsunguli waseMelika uJohn T. Parsons (1913 – 2007) uthathwa kabanzi njengoyise wokulawula izinombolo. Wakhulelwa futhi wasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izinombolo ngosizo lukanjiniyela wezindiza u-Frank L. stulen. Njengendodana yomkhiqizi eMichigan, uParsons waqala ukusebenza njengomhlanganisi embonini kayise eneminyaka engu-14. Kamuva, waba nomnikazi futhi wasebenzisa izimboni eziningi zokukhiqiza ngaphansi kwebhizinisi lomndeni lenkampani ekhiqiza iParsons.
I-Parsons inelungelo lobunikazi lokuqala le-NC futhi yakhethwa ku-National Inventors Hall of fame ngomsebenzi wayo wokuphayona emkhakheni wokulawula izinombolo. UParsons unamalungelo obunikazi ayi-15, kanti amanye angama-35 anikezwe ibhizinisi lakhe. Inhlangano yonjiniyela abakhiqizayo yaxoxisana noParsons ngo-2001 ukuze wazise wonke umuntu indaba yakhe ngokombono wakhe.
Isheduli ye-NC yasekuqaleni
1942:U-john T. Parsons wanikezwa inkontileka encane yiSikorsky Aircraft ukuze yakhe ama-rotor blades anophephela emhlane.
1944:ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kohlaka lwephiko, enye yezindwani zokuqala eziyi-18 abazenzile ayiphumelelanga, okwaholela ekufeni komshayeli. Umbono ka-Parsons uwukubhoboza i-rotor blade ngensimbi ukuze iqine futhi esikhundleni seglue nezikulufu ukuze kuhlanganiswe umhlangano.
1946:abantu babefuna ukwakha ithuluzi lokukhiqiza ukuze bakhiqize ngokunembile izindwani, okwakuyinselele enkulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezimo ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, uParsons waqasha unjiniyela wezindiza uFrank stulen futhi wasungula iqembu lonjiniyela nabanye abantu abathathu. U-Stulen wacabanga ukusebenzisa amakhadi e-IBM punch ukuze anqume izinga lokucindezeleka ku-blade, futhi baqasha imishini eyisikhombisa ye-IBM yale phrojekthi.
Ngo-1948, umgomo wokushintsha kalula ukulandelana kokunyakaza kwamathuluzi omshini ozenzakalelayo wafinyelelwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko - uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetha nje uchungechunge lokunyakaza olungaguquki - futhi lwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukulawulwa kwe-tracer nokulawula kwedijithali. Njengoba singabona, owokuqala udinga ukwenza imodeli ebonakalayo yento (noma okungenani umdwebo ophelele, njengefoni ye-Cincinnati cable tracer hydropower). Okwesibili akukhona ukuqedela isithombe sento noma ingxenye, kodwa kuphela ukusikhipha: amamodeli ezibalo kanye nemiyalelo yomshini.
1949:ibutho lasemoyeni lase-US lidinga usizo lokunemba kwephiko lesakhiwo. U-Parsons uthengise umshini wakhe we-CNC futhi wawina inkontileka ebiza u-$200000 ukuze enze kube ngokoqobo.
1949:U-Parsons no-stulen bebesebenza ne-Snyder machine & tool Corp. ukuthuthukisa imishini futhi babona ukuthi badinga ama-servo motors ukwenza imishini isebenze ngokunembile. U-Parsons wenze inkontileka encane yohlelo lwe-servo “lomshini wokugaya amakhadi-a-matic” ku-servo mechanism Laboratory yaseMassachusetts Institute of technology.
1952 (May): AbakwaParsons bafaka isicelo selungelo lobunikazi “ledivayisi yokulawula imoto yamathuluzi omshini wokumisa”. Wanikeza ilungelo lobunikazi ngo-1958.
1952 (August):ekuphenduleni, i-MIT yafaka isicelo selungelo lobunikazi "lesistimu ye-servo yokulawula izinombolo".
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-US Air Force yasayina izinkontileka eziningana ne-Parsons ukuze iqhubeke nokuthuthukisa i-NC machining innovation eyenziwe umsunguli wayo uJohn Parsons. U-Parsons wayenentshisekelo ekuhloleni okwenziwa ku-servo mechanism Laboratory ye-MIT futhi wahlongoza ukuthi i-MIT ibe usonkontileka ongaphansi kwephrojekthi ngo-1949 ukuze inikeze ubuchwepheshe bokulawula okuzenzakalelayo. Eminyakeni eyi-10 eyalandela, i-MIT yazuza ukulawula yonke iphrojekthi, ngoba umbono "wokulawula indlela eqhubekayo ye-axis emithathu" yelabhorethri ye-servo yathatha indawo yomqondo wokuqala kaParsons "wokusika endaweni yokusika". Izinkinga zihlala zibumba ubuchwepheshe, kodwa le ndaba ekhethekile eyaqoshwa isazi-mlando uDavid noble isibe yingqopha-mlando emlandweni wezobuchwepheshe.
1952:I-MIT ibonise uhlelo lwayo lwebhande elinezinsimbi eziyisi-7, oluyinkimbinkimbi futhi olubizayo (amashubhu e-vacuum angama-250, ama-relay angu-175, emakhabetheni amahlanu asayizi wesiqandisi).
Umshini wokugaya we-CNC wasekuqaleni we-MIT ngo-1952 wawuyi-hydro Tel, inkampani yomshini wokugaya i-Cincinnati eguquliwe ye-3-axis.
Kunezihloko eziyisikhombisa ezimayelana “nomshini ozilawulayo, omele uguquko lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe oluzololonga ngempumelelo ikusasa lesintu” kujenali ethi “automatic control” yeScientific American ngoSepthemba, 1952.
1955:Izilawuli ze-Concord (ozakhiwe ngamalungu eqembu langempela le-MIT) zenze inombolo, ethathela indawo itheyiphu enembobo emishinini ye-MIT NC ngesifundi sekhasethi esakhiwa yi-GE.
Isitoreji se-tape
1958:UParsons uthole i-US patent 2820187 futhi wathengisa ilayisense ekhethekile kwaBendix. I-IBM, i-Fujitsu kanye nogesi jikelele bonke bathola amalayisense amancane ngemva kokuba sebeqale ukuzakhela imishini yabo.
1958:I-MIT ishicilele umbiko ngezomnotho we-NC, owaphetha ngokuthi umshini wamanje we-NC awuzange ulondoloze isikhathi ngempela, kodwa wadlulisela abasebenzi abavela eshabhu yefektri kubantu abenza amabhande anezimbobo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-19-2022